Process and apparatus for the electrical treatment in the dyeing of fibers and fiber products, and the dyestuffs and the product resulting therefrom



I. E. BLOOM. PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TREATMENT IN THE DYEING 0F FIBERS AND FIBER PRODUCTS, AND THE DYESTUFFS AND THE PRODUCT RESULTING THEREFROM.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 3, 1917. 1,333,700. Patented Mar. 16,1920.

2 SHEETSSHEET I.

J. E. BLOOM. PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TREATMENT IN THE DYEING 0F FIBERS AND FIBER PRODUCTS, AND THE DYESTUFFS AND THE PRODUCT RESULTING THEREFROM.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 3, 1917- 1,333,700, Patented Mar. 16, 1920.

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JACOB E. BLOOM, 0F BROOKLYN, NEW YORK.

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TREATMENT IN THE DYEING OF FIBERS AND FIBER PRODUCTS. AND THE DYESTUFFS AND THE PRODUCT RE- SULTING THEREFROM.

Application filed December 3, 1917.

[0 all whom it may concc'i'n:

Be it known that l, Jacon E. BLooai, a citizen of the United States, residing at Brooklyn, city of New York, in the county of Kings and State of New York, have invcnted certain new and useful inq'n'ovements in processes and apparatus for the electrical treatment in the dyeing of fibers and fiber products, and the dyestuffs and the. products resulting therefrom. of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to an electrical treatment in the dyeing of fibers and of manufactures of fibers and dyestuffs and r what are known as loose compounds used in dyeing, and to the apparatus therefor, and to the products thereof; and is illustrated herein particularly in the diving of textile fibers, or cloth or the like.

Among its objects are that of more uniformly and permanently fastening or fixing dyestuffs and more particularly sundry dispersoids and adsorlnible suspensoid and irreversible colloidal substances from solution, or disperse medium, and ensuing reaction products. upon the fiber as the adsorbent, in stable ondition, by electrical transference and adsorption. by means of treatment in or passage through fields of alternating electric, magnetic or electro-static stresses or fields, advantageously created by symmetrical alternating currents, advantageously of low frequency. A material saving and economy in liquors in many cases, is also attained by my process.

In this application, I apply and illustrate more especially the process and apparatus with alternating fields between electrode terminals, with the fibrous adsorbent passing there-between advantageously with means to apply first one single phase A. (l. field during the passage of low frequency and following immediately with the alter native use thereafter of two or more opposing or confiicting fields from a polyphase system or with opposing alternations, simultaneously or svnc-hroiuaisly created i the liquid from other A. C. source of practically equal but opposite sine value, of equal amperage, advantageously of equal medium to high frequency; such latter alternations from opposing or conflicting circuits meeting hammerdike approximately Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Mar. 16, 1920.

Serial No. 205,228.

upon the interpolated cloth as adsorbent, under insulated conditions; and with resulting increased density of the combined dyestuffs,: upon the fiber.

Other objects are set forth in the body of the specifications and claims.

As a process, my invention comprises a process of first advantageously dispersing in a suitable medium or making a solution as at present of the dyestuffs to be used, ad-

vantageously treating same to attain dispersoid state in an A. C. field; and then. treating the fiber or cloth or fibrous material under insulated conditions preferably in dielectric or insulated vessels, in. suitable liquids or colloidal solutions or dispersoids dispersed in suitable mobile media, such as the dye-liquors now utilized in the art of dyeing textile cloth, by subjecting the same while duly immersed in the liquid at suitable temperature, to the influence of alternating electric stresses or fields between electrodes in the solution; or to the influence of induced electric or magnetic or electrostatic stress or stresses or fields, in the. solution, from exteriorly generated alternating current source, advantageously first from a single phase system, advantageously of low frequency, and in some cases followed by polyphasc system of medium or high frequency ;-the latter A. C. currents being arranged in circuits so as to.,create in the liquid, opposing or conflictingalternating electric fields of alternations of like fre quency and advantageously of like amplitude, voltage. and'amperage, and advautageously syn'm'ietrical. and of flattened top wave form; and the material and liquids being under control as to temperature and movement or agitation; the circuits from such multiple alternating currents being ar ranged to act, llElIHll'lGF-flflCl-ZIHWll-llkG, in the liquid both upon the soluble dispersoid substances in the liquor, as also upon the solid adsorbent, immersed in the liquid, to-wit: a textile fiber or cloth and the like, intended to be treated, c. dyed by the dyestuffs, in said liquid; simultaneously the liquid is advantageously passed intermittently o-r continuously with suitable pressure through or into contact with the cloth, which is being passed therethrough by suitable means; or the fibers in loose condition being agitated. therewith, under regulated periods of time, and temperature, a greater or less period of time, at higher or lower temperature, such being varied for the dilferening dye colorings or ends to be attained.

Alternatively, the textile cloth or hank or warp may be passed through the liquid intermittently, or continuously, under regulated temperature and time and speed of passage.

Alternatively, only a single A. C. stress is to be first applied, of low frequency, to better insure the adsorption of the dye-stuff from solution to and upon the fiber; and thereafter in some cases follow the operation by applying the opposing A. C. stresses of the polyphase system of higher frequency aforesaid.

In some cases the solution, if not so naturally, is advantageously first made slightly acid by the addition of suitable acids; and thereby, the fiber becomes positive by immersion; and the above electrical. treatment is then applied, resulting in the fixed udsorption of the suspensoid or dispersoid negative particles from solution; and thereafter in some cases, a solution is prepared to be basic or alkaline by the addition of suitable salts or alkalis; and in which the fiber may become negative by immersion; and then the electrical. treatment is again applied resulting in the adsorption of positive particles, or of emulsoids previously rendered positive by above first treatment. and fixed on the fiber in the second treatment, generally by rombining and compounding with other dispersoids or colloids or ions or colloidal and c ieinical compounds on the fiber; if the emulsoi-ds or amphoteric substances are not thereby fixed, such are electrically repelled and continue in solution.

in some cases, the foregoing treatments are reversed, i. c., said second treatment is first used. In other or ses. such latter or the preceding treatment only is used. The operation is advantageously conducted under in sulat-ed conditions, during the periods of time when the currents are applied; or the liquors when the single phase A. C. field is alone applied, then advantageously having interi'nittent earth or discharge connection through an insulated grounding wire having an exterior interrupter passing or transmitting to earth only free positive cl'iarges and leaving a negative charge upon particles in the liquid or the adsorbent; or vice versa: the process in either case being conducted advantageously until the suspensoid colloids and adsorbable dispcrsoid particles have been firmly electrically adsorbed from the solution by the fiber and firmly com pacted or fixed thereon; and until emulsoids which have not become fixed and continue reversible or reversible particles and ases and vapors and other soluble impurities ave rassaoo been forced or compressedout of the fibers thereby, i. 0., by the alternating forces of the A. C. fields.

Alternatively and furthermore such treatment may in some cases be applied advantageously both before and during the dyeing process proper, e. first: apply the electric stresses before immersing the fibers in the liquor, in order to prepare the liquor advantageously for the process, by thereby and therein attaining homogeneous electrical adsorptions and fixedness with less sensitive ness in the dye-liquor and dye-stuff and perfecting the dispersion of the dispersoids and adsorbable colloids; and secondly, then applying the electric fields during the immersion or pass-age of the fiber in or' through the dye liquor, ca, dyeing process proper, in order to continue said first advantage; and further in order to cause further and firmer adsorption and fixation on the \vet surface of the fiber or the dispersoids or adsorbable dyestutl? from the solution in a homogeneous and fixed manner.

The first treatment of the liquor alone may be in some cases dispensed with, and the latter treatment with the fiber only used.

"it will be understood that this process may be repeated several times if desired, or ill several successive vessels, depending upon the depth of color or other effects desired to be obtained.

As an apparatus, my invention comprises a vessel or vat or chamber thereof, advantageously constructed or lined with glazed porcelain or stoneware or glass or other dielectric. and acid or alkali resisting material. the whole supported on insulating material, together with means for supplying to, circulating in, and removing from said vat, a suitable dye-stuff solution or liquor, 2'. 0., having a suitable stufi or element in solution, or in disperse state herein, with particles advantageously adsorbable and colloidal r ijlisperscd in suitable mobile medium; and having means for controlling the temperature of the liquor advantageously to about 130 F. and in some cases to about E, where the solution or disperse liquid remain. liquid at such temperature and in some cases with means for the agitation or movement thereof or passage thereof through the vessel, and to make contact with the textile fibers therein; and with means for supplying to. immersing in and removing from said vat and liquor therein, the loose fibers or cloth or continuous paper and the like, advantageously between A. (l. electrodes; or means for passing textile cloths or hand or Warp continuously or intermittently into and through said vat and liquor; and means for' effecting such passage advantageously between suitable A. (7. electrode plates, of material neutral and insoluble, and advantageously hollow, and in some cases the electrodes carrying a cooling solution insulated therein; means for controlling the period of time of such immersion and passage, and an. intermittently insulated condition thereof; means for producing and maintaining in said vat and for subjecting said liquor and the immersed textiles, fibers, etc., while moving therein to the influence of stresses in alternating electric field or fields from exteriorly generated alternating current source, first from single phase low frequency and followed in some cases by polyphase system of medium or high frequency, advai'itageously symmetrical and of like frequency advantageously of like amplitude and flat top wave, and voltage and amperage, with the latter circuits arranged to create in the liquid and upon the fiber conflicting or opposing alternations of equal n'lagnitudie either-in induced A. C. fields or between sets of suitable insoluble inert electrode terminals, of large and equal area, immersed in the solution, advantageously close together and with the fiber therc-lietween; and means for controlling said A. (l. fields; means for keeping the liquid and the apparatus under insulated conditions; means for electrically connecting to earth the liquor or solution in said vat, when said A. C. stresses are applied, through an electrode-like plate or wire in the liquid, called a leader plate, connected to an insulated wire leading to earth, throu g1: an insulated interrupter, adjustable to allow only positive or only negative alternations to pass to earth, (and advantageously in synchronism with the frequency of the above A. 6.); or through an electrolytic rectifier or like device permitting positive charges only to be grounded automatically, or the reverse.

In one form, I advantageously provide separate circuits for each of two-phase currents differing in phase angle by about 180 degrees so as to set up opposing or conflicting alternations in the liquid: and by providing separate terminals or sets of insoluble inert electrodes having advantageously equal surface area, in the vessel for each circuit; and I prefer to arrange such electrodes by placing. the anode of one circuit to face and oppose as nearl and closely as practicable. the anode of another circuit; and cathode electrodes ditto; and thereby so arranged, that practically the. circuits or alternations in the liquid flow in conflict or in opposition,- i. c., the positive (or negative) alternation of one. circuit being practically counteracted by the simultaneous equal and positive (or negative) alternations respectively of the other circuit and which alternations practically meet upon or act hannncrlilre. or conflict upon the fiber or other adsorbent interposed between the like electrodes of the several circuits in] the liquid.

Thereby in addition to the mere adsor tion, there is attained a hammer-like or compacting effect upon and within the fiber, which aids in the fixing and increase of density of molecular compounds, and of adsorptions, and in the compacting of the substances of the fibers or other adsorbent and in the driving out from the interstices of the fibers any free acids or vapors and impurities solvent in the liquid and the free emulsoids and the like.

The said action and effect is influenced and affected also by the lag of the current behind the voltage and which may be enhanced by placing an inductance in one lead of each of said A. C.s.

It is advantageous to provide in the A. C. circuits a condition of resonance, and that the circuits each contain inductance, resistance and capacity, in series.

An ammeter and rheostat, not shown, are placed in each A. C. circuit, excepting as shown by resistance r and r in circuits Fig. 8.

In some cases, I facilitate the earthing of the freed positive or negative pulsations or charges when quite faint after passage through the interrupter, by passing same through a Ruhmkorff' coil or a closed core transformer or the like, to obtain increased voltage to earth.

As a. product, my invention comprises dyed fiber manufactures such as a dyed textile cloth or the like, and electrical-adsorption. compounds such as the dyestuffs used in the dyeing, having and comprising electrically adsorbed thereon or therein, from suitable liquids, sundry dispersed particles and suspensoid colloids and irreversible particles and mutual precipitations, and reaction compounds, with or without chemical reaction compounds of said adsorptions with each other, or with the colloidal substances or components of the fiber, or with other adsorbents; such adsorptions and reactions being formed and fixed and compacted by electrical transference and electrical adsorption and compression in addition to natural adsorption; and all attainedhomogeneously and in non-strained equilibrium, resulting in enhanced fixed and stable state or condi- 'tions, and with increased true density or the diazo compounds or dyestuli's. nitrogen halids, and the like, are dillicult to manipulate on account of extreme sensitiveness; and it is believed such and other extremely sensitive substances are especially of loose mo lecular structure and in. strained equilibrium.

My process in many cases, fixes and stabilizes this loose molecular structure, and effects a transition to and attains firm fixed and more stable molecular structures in nonstrained equilibrium, through the electrical adsorption force added to the natural adsorptions, ol non-amphoteric colloids and disperse particles, and amplified or enhanced by the compacting or compressions upon such natural adsorption structures, and simultaneously driving out the amphoteric colloids and particles and gases.

This View and effect of my process pertains advantageously to sundry molecular groups, or structures of sundry atomic groups, of dyestuffs and the like now charaeterized by the more or less ease with which they break down, to wit:

N N, in diazo compounds, in hydronitric acid and in others; example C l-LN: NONO diazobenzenenitrate.

l\ C, in the tulminates, in cyanogen C N and others.

N 0, in inorganic and organic nitrates, in nitro bodies and others; example ,l-I,ONO, ethyl nitrite.

NCl, in NCl, nitrogen trichlorid.

C-C, in acetylene (1 H and in the polyacetylcnes.

OCl, in chlorates, perchlorates and others; example CE U-Cl, methyl hypochlorite.

OO, in ozone, in peroxid and others; example C Il OO O'C Il O, acetyl peroxid.

It will be noted, that by my electric process, and with the ground connection to carry to earth only the surplus freed positive 15 charges, I attain electro-negative groups in I solution, or in disperse state, which eflect adsorption electrically fastened associations :01 adsorption compounds, of enhanced stalbility, in or with the solvents, and which 50, continue of enhanced stability after the solventu are removed, towit water, the alcohols,

phenols, carboxylic acids, amids and anilidis,oxims,-nitriles,-mercaptans, thioacids and amids,primary amins,-nitrose compounds,aldehydes and ketones; and

a said electronegative groups include:

\Such pertains not only to sundry organic adsorption compounds thereby electrically fixed, but likewise with sundry inorganic compounds including the oxids, to-wit the nitrogen peroxid,phosphorus oxid in benzene,arsenious oxid in nitr0benzene,hy-

drogen chlorid,nitric acid. It is to be noted that the mere presence of nitrogen or trivalent nitrogen, or of elements like chlorin, bromin and iodin, oxygen and sulfur, does not bring about these adsorption d yestul'l' compounds or associations,-but such are formed when. the element is present in one of the electro-negative groups indicated. I advantageously attain such electro-negative groups with my process using an interrupter passing to earth only surplus positive charges.

It is not essential that either or all the con.- stitucnts oil. an. adsorption compound shall be what is ordinarily known as associated; many such are formed from unassociated constituents; among such organic substances are the compounds of naphthalene, phenanthrene and liuorin with diand trinitrobeir zones and tri-nitrotoluene, etc.

It is advantageous to keep the solution at low temperature, as high temperature tends to cause dissociation,-during the processing and thereafter.

In theoperation oi? my process, in some cases where it is doubtful or impractical to" determine in advance or theoretically whether to use an interrupter topass to earth the positive or negative tree or unbalanced charge, then it is advisable to test the product when the negative charges are retained, and again when the positive charges or pulsations are retained; the srmeriority ol? the one product over the other as regards stability or density orother test will definitely fix the preferable adjustment or kind. ol? interrupter touse, in making the particular product. And likewise as regards the use of an impedance coil in one lead of one A. C. circuit when the interriu ter is placed in the other lead of same circuit. And likewise as to whether before the use of the dyestutf in solution. or in disperse state to first make it acid or alkaline or neutral. And likewise as to the placing or not of an inductive resistance in series in each of the A. C. cir cuits.

It has been noted that when a solution of sodium nitrite is added to a solution of aprimary amin (containing the group N.H2,) and the n'nxture is acidified, (haze compounds, containing the group, N:N.

- -1.. alarm},

diazotization is complete, the solution is added to a solution of a. molecular proportion of a second component, and stirring is continued until the combination is finished; the dye either precipitates or is salted out by means of salt or hydrochloric acid, and filtered olf, washed and dried.

hly improved process is applied (1) after the said first reaction mixture becomes cool or quiescent; and again after the diazotization and during the mixing or blending with the second component until the electric adsorption in lieu of the ordinary combination, is etl'ected and completed; (3) the dyes and the like are. caused to crystallize or precipitate from solution in smaller particles and large crystals avoided through the application of the A. G. field advantageously of low voltage and with low ten'iperature attained by due cooling means; and, likewise in any subsequent dyeing therewith in solution; or subsequent admixture thereof in solution.

The said nitrogen rompounds are adsorbable; and therefore advantageously adsorbed in said operations in the A. C. fields.

'lhereby l attain homogeneous dyes and dyeing and with enhanced density or specific gravity, and increased stability.

By the term suitabli-r. as used herein as applied to the liquid or solution, 2'. e. the suitable dye-liquor, I mean a duly prepared solution containing the dyes, etc, substantially as at present or with improvements, and comprising dispersoids in disperse state, adsorbable colloids and adsorbable constituents; but with the addition thereto, in some cases of suitable acids, acetic, sulfuric or tartaric. etc; or in other cases the addition of alltalis, sodium carbonate, sodium acetate or soap, etc; or in other cases the addition of neutral salts, 1'. 0. sodium sulfate or common salt, etc; and whereupon the above process is applied, to give to a con'iponent or ion or to the fibers when immersed in the solution, in the alternating current field the electric sign desired, e. opposite to that of the pa rticular dispersoid or colloid or solute or particle. 'z'. e. dyestutf, etc, to be adsorbed and taken out of solution or fixed upon the fiber, under the influence of the active difference. of potential created when the said alternating current fields are applied; and thereby the fiber becomes selective for the particular dyes or effects desired,

\Vhere a. neutral or alkaline liquor is used, as with the direct cotton dyes, it is necessary to soften hard water before. use. as by boiling" the water with a small amount of soda ash.

By the term adsorbent, I include not only primarih a fiber, or other solid adsorption material, immersed in the solution, but also a dispe-rsoid or a colloid,in thin disperse state in the liquid mobile medium, or sundry ions, or other particles, and any of which adsorb other dispersoids or colloids by the electrical charging and transference, and adsorption of the latter upon the former, in an alternating electric field.

By the term electrically hammered or compacted I mean Where the fiber has adsorbed any dispersoids or colloids, or where any other adsorption upon the fiber or dispersoid or colloid has taken place in and from the solution, which is being treated in thesingle phase alternating electric field; the subsequent alternations of the polyphase system fields, act hammer-like, simultaneously conflicting upon or in the fibers, or composite or chemical molecule mixture and blend, and thereby further physically compacts, increasing the density of the molecule and strengthens the adsorption bond, so that the adsorption compound thereafter is more firmly fixed and fastened, and is not What is commonly known as a loose compound.

By the term electrical homogeneity, or electrically homogeneous adsorption and the like, I mean where there has been an electrical adsorption in. the said alternating current fields, as in the dye liquors whereof the dispersoids and sols are electrically adsorbable instantaneously by other dispersoids or colloids throughout the solution etc., or by and in the fiber; and thereby homogeneity is attained in the composite solution or dyeliquor, and later in the adsorptions upon the fiber and the like.

I do not restrict this invention to the particular specific illustrations cited, but use same in other somewhat analogous types as for instance, in impregnating a fabric or paper with pigments or to make same fireproof or rot-proof or waterproof or in treating leather or hides, or making artificial leather, or in lacquering or in making or treating photo films or the like, especially with pyroxylin or cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate solutions.

The invention as thus outlined Will be hereinafter more fully set forth, more particularly as illustrated by dyeing, and dyestuffs. It is understood there are a large number of dyestuffs and sundry existing methods of dyeing: the different kinds of fibers, both at high and low temperatures, and which methods may be and are largely to be used with the addition of the present invention. i

l attain my invention by the novel apparatus illustrated in the accompanying drawinns, in which similar letters and numbers refer to similar parts; but it Will be understood lv do not restrict myself to the particular apparatus shown.

Figure 1 is a vertical longitudinal section of a rat in diagram, in part embodying the apparatus of the invention for treating a fibrous material when in the form of a cloth to be treated, 2'.- e.- dyed,'with means for drawing the cloth over roller guides and between A. C. electrodes being the terminals of alternating electric fields, in suitable dyeliquors.

Fig. 2 is a vertical cross section on. line 12 y of Fig. 1.

Fig. 8 is a vertical section of another vat, in part diagram, like Fig. 1, but w th a narrower space or field, through which a textile cloth to be treated is drawn, between A. C. electrodes; and around cloth guide rollers, whereof the lower immersed guideroller FY14, also constitutes an electrode; and with a revolving blade liquid stirrer mounted on the roller, to agitate the liquid through the electric field and n'iaterials.

Fig. 4 is a vertical longitudinal section on line 3 11 of Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 is a diagram of a rotary pole changer or analogous device to change a direct current to alternating current, where only direct current is available.

Fig. 6 is a diagram of an induction coil to change direct current to alternating cur rent.

Fig. 7 .is a perspective diagram of the guide roller and agitator and revolving electrode Elet of Fig. 3.

Figs. 8 and 9 and 10 are wiring diagrams in part, of circuits from alternating current source; with intermittent ground con nections X in Figs. 8 and 10 only, Fig. 8 being for the apparatus of Figs. 1 and 2,- with ground connect-ions X; and Fig. 10 for the apparatus of Figs. 11 and 1:2; and showing by the directions of arrows between electrodes E E the lines of opposing alternations or forces in and from opposing alternating electric fields between electrodes E and E constituting the terminals of different alternating current circuits in synchronism as regards frequency, and advantageously as regards voltage and amperage.

Figs. 11 and 12 are vertical. sections of a rotary or barrel-like type of apparatus for treating fibers in loose form or other than cloth, within a revolving reel with an alternating electric field between electrodes; Fig. 11 being a. vertical section on line 3/ ;i of Fig. 12; and Fig. 12 a vertical sec tion on line 3/ y of Fig. 11.

Fig. 13 is a perspective view in diagram of three sets of alternating current rodelectrodes in two frames in lieu of plates for any of aforesaid vessels-together with wiring diagram therefor.

In Fig. 1, a fibrous material, to wit a cloth S S is shown, with further means not shown of moving same slowly or intermittently, flat or spread out, through a vat or vessel V, of wood or stoneware or other dielectric, at regulated speed, passing erosand under loose guide rollers 3 and -l, through a dye-liquor or other suitable liquid in the chamber 5 of the vessel V. under regulated temperature, controlled by cooling or heating coils S or their equivalent; I) and E being simultaneously both positive or both negative; and with means of repeatedly withdrawing and restoring-and circu lating said liquor by well known means not shown, through said vat.

During such movement the cloth passes between two electrodes E and E close to gether, each being of a different circuit constituting alternating terminal electrodes E and c, of one set, also F] and c of another set, each set being the terminals of a differ ent circuit admntageously differing in phase by about 180, and with their respective counterpart electrodes 0 and connected with the other and corresponding terminals of said circuits; both immersed in the liquor, and ((llllltttttl in multiple, or in series, through busbars 10 and 10 Fig. 2, and others not shown, with. the terminals of exteriorly generated alternating currents advantageously from a common source, of low frequency, from a symn'ietrical two-phase alternating current generator, advantageously with phase angle about 180 degrees apart; or from other A. C. sources with like phase differences but otherwise of same fre quency and magnitude. At H is shown a leader plate, like an electrode, but distant therefrom and .in contact with the liquor, and with intermittent earth connection X, details not shown, from the liquor through an interrupter, such as an electromagnetic polarized interrupter X in Fig. 8, in synchronism with the frequency of one of said alternating currents, advanta-geonsly making earth connection only with. the positive alternation or only with the negative alternation of each cycle of one circuit, and with impedance coils in the other lead of the same circuit to balance the former. Such interrupter is advantageously cut out entirely where the opposing A. (l. fields are applied. Again, in order to attain two opposing A. C. differing in phase by about 180 degrees, I may also use a phase changing transformer as for instance to change a single phase 110 V. cycles into two phase, differing in phase by 180 degrees; as for instance by using a single-phasetransformer with two secomlary coils, each of which will be connected. in opposition to the other; substantially as illustrated by the two circuits 50 and 60 Fig. 8; or 50 and 56 I Fig. 9; they would then be opposite in polarity, and consequently difi'er by about 180 in phase. And such transformer could also simultaneously be used to reduce or increase the voltage if desired in the customaryl manner; 2. (2., reducing or increasing the rel.- atlve number of turns in the secondarv. And likewise transformers could be used to transform the ordinary three phase into two-phase currents differing by about 180. I

Or in lieu of said polarized interrupter, I also use in series, in an insulated wire from said leader plate H,a single electrolyticrectifier cell or ar of well known type not shown, or equivalent device X to permit the passage of only positive charges to earth and holding back negative charges.

Between said interrupter or electrolytic cell and earth, I advantageously place in series, a Ruhmkorfl' induction coil, or a closed core transformer or the like,the secondary from the latter being led to earth, and the lead from the-interrupter or electrolytic cell constituting the primary thereof; thereby attaining a higher polarity force to cause discharge to earth.

The wires from said plate H and the interrupters are cut out entirely by duo switching not shown, leaving the vat entirely insulated, in some cases, advantageously where the two opposing A. G. fields are applied; and such cutting out switch may be arranged to work automatically.

The vat has advantageously a false bottom, 6, perforated, beneath which is a space or receptacle for catching the deposit, if any. which may form with some dyes in working, before and during the dyeing, and which is to be frequently removed to prevent soiling the dye or material; such removal being eliected either by pumping therefro or from an exit pipe leading into a settling cistern (not shown) whence any sediment may be obtained to be utilized as may be practicable.

The vat is mounted on insulators, I, of glass or ebonite or the like, to insulate it from the floor or earth, care being taken to conduct the operation under insulated conditions. There may be seve al such vats in succession constituting a range of vats; or means of reversal may be provided so that the cloth may be run back and forth alternately until the treatment, 2'. 0., dyeing, is complete.

I prefer to attemperate the liquor to about 130 degrees F., such being advantageous for adsorption effects generally,-unless the dye materials require treatment at lower or higher temperature as empirically ascer-i tained.

Figs. 3 and a. are vertical cross-sections of another form of vat V, with very narrow alternating current field and chamber 5 for the liquor, and with length merely slightly in excess of the width of the textile SS, which is shown as being drawn through the vat over the guide rollers 83 and under electrode roller FY14, between flat plate electrodes E- c and E a, like those of Fig. 1, being terminals or opposing ditl'erentalter-- nating current circuits, differing in phase by about 180, and between roller electrode E" and Eli, the terminals of two opposing and diflerent alternating current circuits differing in phase about 180. Such narrow chambers have the material advantage of requiring a minimum amount of the liquor and a most efiicient narrow alternating field between the electrodes in the liquid, which latter may be of com mratix'el y poor conduc tivity, and hence require narrow fields or very greatly increased voltages. Such narrow vessels are also advantageous where induced A. C. fields only are to be used.

Fig. 7, shows, in diagram, a perspective of a combined revolving cylindrical electrode E constituting also a guide roller as shown at 1 1 of vessel V, F 3 and 4-. Two of such placed parallelv and close together may also be used in lien 01'' the ordinary press rolls or tube rolls or drying cylinders or calender rolls in this and like arts.

This .roller electrode Elst is advantageously made to project through but insulated from the sides of the vessel V mounted upon insulated bearings, 21 Fig. 7; or it may be suspended -from the top of sides oi vessel V, but with means of being revolved, as by a pulley around trunnion 17, or by the friction of the moving cloth.

Within the vessel, between the sides and the cylindrical electrode Fig. 7 E, and mounted around said trunnion 17 at one or each end, a fly tan or blade wheel 16, advantageously of slightly less diameter than roller 1% which revolves with the roller and agitates and circulates the liquor in and through the vessel V.

The electrode E of suitable material, such as aluminum or graphite or carbon, etc, is shown at 18 attached to the exterior of roller 14. with facilities for ready removal and rcplacing with same as desired.

Adequate insulated. wires leading from the alternating current source through a.

busbar connect with the electrode E Fig. 7-

or 18 direct, or through suitable brushes resting upon an insulated collar not shown around trunnion 17, with awire not shown -from said collar to electrode.

In Fig. 3 such roller electrode El l is shown diagrammatically, and as a roller guiding the adsorbent, '21. (2., the cloth S, between E and its counteipart, the opposite alternating current electrode E15. 0t semi-circular form or having cross section of an arc of about to 1} oi circumference of the cylinder E roller, and duly electrically connected with a like busbar or ter minal not shown, of a second or opposing alternating current source, advantageously from same two-phase alternating current generator.

Through the axis of the trunnion 17 of applied current becomes excessive, and which will cool or heat the surrounding liquor or adsorbent; or an additional exterior cooling or attemperating coil may be used.

In Figs. 11 and 12, vertical sections of the barrel or rotary type of dyeing machines for loose fibers or the like are shown, and the combination thereof with one form of alternating current field between alternating current electrodes. The same is advantageously constructed of stoneware or pottery or a dielectric or of wood, vessel V containing the dye liquor, and with a re volving reel or cylinder of wood or other dielectric R, of 6 compartments, more or less to hold the loose fiber S; each compartment is adequately fitted with doors, and locks, and a means of circulation of liquor which is forced or washed through holes bored through the exterior and perforated doors and partitions. The axle 17, on insulated bearings 21, carries revolving blades or fans 16 for agitating the liquor. Means, advantageously from exterior, are provided for revolving the reel R; and for the admission, withdrawal and circulation of the liquor, and for the attemperating thereof; and I provide means of insulating the supports of the apparatus, and for creating the alternating electric field within the vessel and reel during the treatment, in a manner analogous to that described for Figs. 1 and 3.

One method of creating the opposing alternating electric fields in. this barrel type, is illustrated, towit, by means of curved plate terminal electrodes 6 and c Fig. 11, surrounding part of the exterior of the revolving reel R, and not revolving therewith,and the perforated plate corresponding electrodes E and E Fig. 12 within the reel, advantageously along the radii in or partitions of each compartment, and revolving therewith; and which electrodes are duly respectively independently connected with the circuits preferably'from two-phase alternating current source, difiering in phase by about 180 degrees, substantially as explained for Figs. 1 and Such rotary machines are also constructed on the princi-ple of centrifugal machines and of hydroextractors, wit-h the addenda of the electrical field apparatus above explained.

In lieu of above electrodes E of Fig, 12 or in addition thereto, the revolving electrode E of Fig. 7 may advantageously be used to constitute the axle or shaft of the revolving barrel.

For cooling purposes the entire vessel V may be set in tubs of circulating cold wateror other cooling mixture; or the above described and usual attemperating coils may be used, in the liquid.

The same apparatus is used in the subsequent washing or boiling or both, of the loose fiber and kindred articles, substituting potable water for the liquorand advantageously simultaneously applying the alternating current fields.

In- Fig. 2, are shown some details of the plate electrodes E' and E removably attached to elbows 12, with insulated conductors 13, and electrically connected to busbars 10 and 10; and with facilities for detaching electrodes E and E from elbows 12 and 12 and replacing with electrodes of same or other material, or of different sizes. Several sets of independent pairs of electrodes can be connected with same busbars, if in same circuit.

Such busbars 10 will be used only where several pairs of electrodes are to be connected to the same alternating current source; where there is only one pair, such may be connected direct, without-busbars 11. Where two phase opposingcircuits are used it will be understood that separate busbars as 10 and 10 for one circuit and 10 and 10" for the other circuit will be used.

The form and arrangement of the electrodes as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 may be altered but substantially oflike area or surface, in some cases being rectangular and in others, circular platesand in others annular or a ring plate surrounding a circular; and again such may consist of a number of square or preferably round rods as in Fig. 13, or cylinders or tubes in lieu of wide flat plates arranged in suitable frames, as of wood or other insulator, and so as to permit the removal or replacement of any thereof; such round rods give a maximum of surface per same weight of electrodes; and Where hollow or tubular such may be arranged to carry a cooling liquid;

In the arrangement of the electrodes, it is advantageous to bring the like or positive electrodes as E and E of two opposing circuits, as close together as practicable and yet permit the location between the electrodes of the cloth or fiber being treated, and with the simultaneous passing of the alternating currents, and simultaneous movement or passage or agitation of the liquid; or in other words, to so arrange the electrodes that the lines of force or flow ofaltor-nations or maximum amplitude or peak of the currents between one set of counter part electrodes of one alternating circuit, shall be or approximately opposite and nearly parallel to, or diagonal at very small acuteangle to, and in simultaneous opposition to, the lines of force or flow of alternations, or of like maximum amplitude or peak of the currents between another set of electrodes the terminals of another or opposing alternating electric circuit; such opposing lines of force meeting on the interposed Iiber serving as an anvil.

It will be understood that the opposing circuits may be from two separately gen erated alternating -currents differing in phase about 180 degrees; or one thereof may be a shunt or branch circuit from the other of equal voltage and amperage and frequency; and difiering in phase about 180 degrees attained advantageously by placing in one lead of the shunt circuit a suitable capacity or condenser to cause the current to lead about 90 degrees, and in the other lead an inductance and resistance to cause the current to lag about 90 degrees.

In Figs. 1 and 8, the sections of the electrodes show two sets, towit, E corresponding to the anode and e the cathode of one set of like area, and E the anode and c the cathode of another set of electrodes of like area to each other and to the former set,each set being connected with the terminals of a different circuit,the former with circuit 60 and the latter with circuit 50 (Fig. 8), differing in phase about 180. The terms anode and cathode are used merely for facility of describing the terminal electrodes,it being understood that with A. C. circuits, the anode becomes the cathode and vice versa with each change of alternation in each cycle. The anodes, i. 6. terminals E and E face and oppose each other as do also the cathodes or terminals 0 and e'with the fiber cloth practically constituting an anvil between E and c on one side and E and c on the other; and the anode terminals of one set adjoining, 2'. 0. side by side with the cathode terminals of the other set.

vThe cathode plates 6 and e are shown divided and placed on each side of our surrounding the anode plates E and E respectively adjoining. Thereby I attain more acute angles between the lines of force or alternations from E to c with relation to the line of force from E to eflowing simultaneously and in opposite directionssuch acute angles being considered as practically parallel for my said purpose.

In Fig. 13, I have shown, in lieu of plate electrodes, an advantageous form, towit; A number of narrow long round rod electrodes assembled and held in two suitable wooden or other dielectric clamps or frames F and F, to be duly supported on the elbows 12 and 12 respectively of Fig. 2, connecting with the busbars 10 and 10 as in Fig. 2 for one circuit, and 10 and 10 for the other circuit; and their upper or one end of the rods connected by a strip of lead or other suitable conductor; or they may be threaded into a bar of a suitable metal insulated and electrically connected in parallel with the circuits 50 and 60 of Fig. 8, as indicated, through said busbars.

In frame F are shown in alternation, rod electrodes E, e, E, e, E, e; and in frame F are shown, in' alternation, the rod electrodes EcEe-Ee,- all the electrodes EE and E of frame F being connected with one line or terminal of circuit 60, and likewise all the counterpart electrodes c of frame F with the other terminal of circuit 60; and conversely the electrodes c@ e of frame F are connected together and with the counterpart electrodes EE--E of frame F are electrically connected with the respective terminals of circuit 60 above indicated; the currents in-circuits 50 and 60 differing in phase about 180 degrees.

Thus the lines of force or alternations from E in frame F to c in frame F are approximately nearly in opposition to lines of force or alternations from E in frame F to e in frame F; and likewise on reversal of currents. The cloth SS is indicated as passing or placed between the frames F and F. Details of the frame are not shown. It is advantageous in the frames F and F to have the distances between the rods of opposing sets of electrodes closer to each other than to the adjoining sets, 2'. 6., first e closer to first E than to second E. In some cases, the said electrodes are tubular and lined with dielectric, and arranged to carry circulating cooling brines and the like.

The alternating electrode E and its counterpart e-also E and its counterpart e are advantageously of equal area, and insoluble; and advantageously of platinum or lead or carbon, or graphite for acid and neutral solutions, and of iron in alkaline solutions. Other metals are also used depending upon the character of the solution,and as to whether or not any such metal if in solution or as a colloid, would be detrimental or advantageous; as for instance, silver electrode as affecting a silver solution or dye, etc. The electrodes should be totally immersed or if not, the unimmersed portion should be protected with insoluble lacquer or varnish.

In my process, in all cases of doubt, as to the electrodes in the alternating electrode classes of vessels which may injure the dye or other liquor, or the adsorbent, there should be used only the types of vessels utilizing induced alternating electric fields, without electrodes.

It is also advantageous:

(1) to have the alternating current electrodes as close together as practicable depending upon the object to be attained, i. e. whether the object is to dye a cloth or a yarn or the mere loose fiber; also (2) to increase the electrode surfaces as much as practicable, but of equal area, to enable the attaining of more amperage where such is desirable; with facilities of increasing or decreasing the area of the electrodes; and (3) to regulate the temperature of the liquor by means of the heat resulting from the electrodes or induced current ;-and cooledwhen necessary by means of a cooling coil or outer inclosing bath.

The electrodes are advantageously connected in multiple, though such may also be used connected in series.

In some cases the alternating electrodes and the immersed portions of wires leading thereto, are covered with a dielectric such as glass or glaze and the like; in which cases however much stronger currents of higher voltage must be used; and the alternating fields are like the induced electrostatic fields.

In the sundry wiring diagrams of the alternating current circuits shown in Figs. 8 and 9 and 10,

A. C. represents an alternating current generator; and being shown two-phase in Fig. 8 and single phase and a shunt therefrom in Figs. 9 and 10;

Lines represent one circuit and lines 60 represent the other circuit differing in phase about 180 degrees; lines 50 leading to electrode E and its counterpart e of equal area and 60 leading to electrode E and its counterpart e; v

51 and 52 of Fig. 8 indicate the coils of one phase generator, and 61 and 62 the coils of the other phase, advantageously 180 degrees apart; N and S representing field magnets of alternating current generator.

I-I represents a so-called leader plate immersed in the liquid of the vessel, but insulated therefrom, and electrically connected to ground through X an interrupter, making automatic connection for discharge to ground advantageously with each positive or negative alternation only, of each cycle of the A. C. in circuit 60. And 55 in series in the lead of circuit represents an impedance coil to balance I.

I also utilize well known means (not shown) to attain and-use in the circuits, A. C. of low or of medium or of high frequencies with suitable switches therefor: and in all cases it is advantageous to switch out or dispense with all currents as from a polyphase generator or system, except the two A. C. differing in phase by about 180 degrees; and I further provide a switch to enable the use of one of the latter only; and another automatic switch to use a single A. C. field only for a few seconds followed by the two fields for a few minutes, or following a to and fro movement of the cloth.

In Figs. 8, 9, and 10, the arrow lines indicate the direction of alternations from electrode anode E to its counterpart electrode cathode e at any one instant; it will be understood that such alternations and directions are reversed with the alternation of each cycle of the alternating current; and the flow of arrows will point from 6 to E, or the reverse as drawn. The greater the distance of electrode E from electrode 0, the

greater the voltage of the currents which must be used.

It will be understood that in placing the counterpart electrodes 6 and e as shown in Figs. 1 and 8, in the liquid on opposite sides of the moving cloth S S, and as near as practicable to and side by side with E and E respectively, so as to attain simultaneously opposing or conflicting alternations, I thereby utilize both sets of electrodes similarly in succession, to attain hammer-like compacting alternations meeting approximately upon the interposed adsorbent, i. c. the fiber, and thereby driving out therefrom the free gases and hydrates and free soluble impurities and fixing or compacting with resulting increased density or specific gravity, the loose adsorbed compound on or in the fiber, or other interpolated or immersed adsorbent. In other words, where an adsorbent substance is immersed, and in some cases even colloidally dissolved, such will take out of the suitable liquid by electric transference and adsorption, sundry selective oppositely charged colloids and particles, forming compounds which are fixed and with increased density and stabilized under the influence of said conflicting electric stresses.

Though I use the terms positive and negative, or anode and cathode, it will be understood, such is for facility of description merely and that the positive becomes the negative pole or electrode with each change of alternation of each cycle of the alternating current.

l V here only a single phase A. C. motor or generator is available, as shown in Figs. 9 and 10, such current circuit 50 is divided into two phase currents differing in phase by about 180 degrees, the one division or A. C. circuit being connected with the like terminal electrodes E and c, and the other division or A. C. circuit, with the other or opposing sets of terminal electrodes E and a; there may be several of such sets, three being shown in diagram in the Fig. 9.

In such or analogous cases I advantageously attain the said two phase circuits as 56 and 57 Fig. 9, by placing in the shunt or branch 57 of one lead or wire, in series, a suitable capacity, C, c. e. condenser, to cause the current to lead about 90 degrees; and I place in the other lead or wire, 57, in series, a suitable inductance i. an inductive coil, I, (choke-coil) and a non-inductive coil, R, (resistance) to cause the current to lag about 90 degrees; such lead and lag together constituting the 180 degrees phase difference desired. It will be understood I do not restrict myself to said means of attaining such phase difference.

Though I may use a single phase symmetrical alternating current, with a shunt therefrom to constitute the opposing circuit, I

also advantageously use for my aforesaid purposes symmetrical alternating currents of a two-phase system advantageously differing in phase angle by 180 degrees; or two independent symmetrical alternating currents, of like frequency, amplitude, voltage, and amperage and which two currents advantageously differ from one another in phase by about 180 degrees.

Where a polyphase generator or system only is available it is advantageous to cut out and avoid using in the liquid all currents except two, and such differing in phase about 180 degrees.

To generate such currents, I prefer to use a two-phase alternator or an alternating current generator giving symmetrical flat top waves of E. M. F.s differing in phase angle by about 180 degrees, of same frequency preferably 16, or I may use the commercial standard frequency 25, and with any voltage at point of generation, a transformer at point of user being utilized to give any de sired voltage and amperage; and a frequency converter, etc., to attain desired frequency.

It will be understood that though I prefer an alternating field from symmetrical twophase A. C. generator currents, yet I may also use a direct current after changing it to alternating current; as for instance, through an induction coil, shown in diagram Fig. 6, using the alternating current from its secondary coil; or more advantageously by transforming the direct into a low frequency alternating current by means of a suitable rotary converter or dynamotor, shown in diagram in Fig. 5.

And to attain equal opposing alternating currents in the liquid, I may also use two such transformed and independent currents connected and arranged to flow through the liquids in circuits in opposition; or may use one such current with ashunt therefrom; all as above explained for A. G. enerator currents, and having a phase difference of about 180 degrees.

In some cases, especially where the source of the alternating current is other than an alternator, i. e. where the secondary of a large induction coil as Fig. 6, is used as the source of alternating current and connected with one set of the electrodes, I also advantageously connect the secondary current prior to the shunt, in parallel with a large condenser advantageously of glass; and where I use the induction coil type of transformer, Fig. 6, to change D. O. to A. (1., I advantageously use therein a long vibrating mechanical interrupter to attain low fre: quency in the secondary; and I construct the secondary coil .more like the primary coil with merely such increase or decrease of turns toattain the desired increase or decrease of voltage, if any such increase or decrease be desired in the current circuit when applied in the liquid. And inall such cases where I use a shunt or branch circuit as from a single phase current or from the above secondary, to connect with the opposing electrodes, I place in one load of the shunt or branch circuit, a suitable capacity or condenser to cause the current to lead about 90 degrees; and I place in the other corresponding lead a suitable inductance, advantageously, towit, an inductive coil, 2'. c. a choke coil and a non-inductive coil, z'. c. resistance, to cause the current to lag about 90 degrees, and thereby I attain a phase difference of about 180 degrees in the opposing currents from the terminal electrodes.

In the art of dyeing textile fabrics, the latter are divided into two classes, towit (1): fiber of animal origin, such as sheep wool, camel wool, silk, furs, feathers, hair, etc. And (2): fibers of vegetable origin such as cotton, linen, jute, ramie, straw, wood, paper, etc.

The basis of animal fiber is albuminoid matter, and such are more advantageously treated as herein described than are the vegetable fibers.

The basis of vegetable fiber is cellulose matter.

The difference in each of the specifically named fibers is in the proportion of said basis, albuminoid matter or cellulose matter respectively, to foreign or other substances contained within the fiber; hence there are dyes classified for different fibers but many wool dyes are excellent for silk and other animal fibers and vice versa; and likewise with cotton and other vegetable fibers. In dyeing, the cellulose itself acts by mechanical adsorption, whereas the albuminoid acts by electrical adsorption; but the foreign substances contained within the cellulose fiber, or the mordants thereon, may

be albuminoids other electrolytic or other substances, subject to electrical actions or forces, and therefore in some cases the fibers of vegetable origin, like those of animal origin, maybe subject to treatment by the electrical fields as herein described in addition to the i'nechanieal adsorption effects upon the cellulose.

.AllOtllGl classification in dyeing processes may be briefly described as follows:

Fll'St-ClilSS--TGIH16(l direct dyeing, when the color will dye the fiber direct in one bath.

Seco1ul-class-ler1u-ed mordant dyeing 01' indirect dyeing, when the fibers or goods must be treated with a mordant before or after they have been dyed. The coloring effect does not come from the dyestuff alone, but from the combination of a mordant that is saturated first on the fiber and combines ivith the coloring matter from the dye bath ater.

The colors that dye direct (first class) can be divided into two groups, towit: for vegetable or animal fibers:

1st (a) Substantive colors which when properly dissolved in hot distilled water, and added to the coloring bath containing either a small per cent. of common salt or Glauber salt will dye fast, the cotton and other vegetable fibers.

1st (b) Acid colors which when thus dissolved with a little sulfuric acid or sodium bisulfate will dye fast, wool or other animal fiber. While the direct colors are fairly fast, the mordant dyeing is more fast in the majority of cases.

Again in vat dyeing, the coloring stufl itself is insoluble in Water. Since water is the vehicle which carries the dyestufl upon the fiber, the following technic is ordinarily used, illustrated by one vat color, towit indigo. Indigo color is insoluble in water, but when indigo is mixed and dispersed in a water solution of or with a hydrosulfite salt, the indigo is reduced to a new compound and becomes soluble in water. This solution is either clear as water or yellowish. The fibers or goods to be dyed are worked in this solution and my A. C. field, herein described; then taken out and washed and" hung up, advantageously in my A. C. field under insulated conditions so that every part of the fiber is in contact with the air advantageously blown thereon, and through the vessel while the A. O. field is simultaneously acting thereon, under insulated conditions, the reduced compound of indigo which is now on the fiber and is electronegative and is not colored at first, yet when thus brought in contact with the air, is oXydized and as fast as it is oxydized, the blue color appears upon the textile.

In the carrying out of the process of the present invention in the apparatus described, as illustrated in dyeing of fibers including the so-called after-treatments, the absorbent z. c. the fibrous material, cloth and the like, is introduced and moved through the vessel V of Fig. 1 or Fig. 3; and between the opposing electrodes E and E, or c and e or both; or if the form he not a cloth, the loose fiber or fibrous material of sundry forms, is introduced into, and agitated in the barrel of vessel V of Fig. 12; and the dye liquor is introduced into and agitated in and moved through, said vessels and in and around and through said adsorbent in said vessels; care being taken that the fiber is kept submerged, etc. as in present dyeing methods; but with the addition of the simultaneous application during such movement, of the single A. C. field with a direct current superimposed of about 19 of the strength of the A. C. under insulated conditions; and to -be duly maintained in said liquids and fibers for a few minutes generally while the material is moved therethrough or to and fro therein, until the deslred effect 2'. c. the dyeing has been accomplished,and with due provisionsfor renewing the dye bath when eXhausted,-and for regulating the temperature thereof by means of the alternating current or of heat- 111g coils or coolin coils; and varying in different cases. Otlier details of operation have been set forth in describing the different types of apparatus.

Alternatively in some cases I first pass the cloth through the vat applying only a single A. C. field of low frequency; and thereafter again pass the cloth through the same vat while applying the two opposing fields, preferably differing in phase by about 180 degrees, allowing longer time for the latter passage than the former or repeating the latter passage several times.

It is important to conduct the process under insulated conditions,-and including thereunder not only complete insulation, as heretofore commonly understood, but also partial insulation, intermittently, especially where only the single A. O. field is ap lied and as regards only negative or only positive charges or alterations, or current that is to say, a state of insulation which yet permits intermittently to pass to earth and the like, only the surplus or free positive or only the negative charges or current alternations in synchronism with the frequency of the A. O. and simultaneously and automatically insulating or withholding in the liquid, the correlative negative or positive charges only.

And such is especially important with explosive systems or products as are some dye-stuffs including these specifically named herein but also others of like nature whether liquid or gaseous or solid or dust-like, etc. Iirconducting the process with any explosive dye substances, I advantageously maintain the insulation so as to permit surplus free negative charges only to pass to earth, etc, and avoid sudden or any withdrawal of positive charges and seek to accumulate positive charges upon the dispersoids or other particles of the products, and thereby attain substantial stability therein, as. also other advantages herein recited.

Adsorption is an instantaneous operation, and to attain such I advantageously use a single A. C. of low frequency with an interrupter in a ground line as described, but following such and to attain the compacting of the compounds, as described by the alternations or stresses of two opposing or conflicting equal A. C. of like frequency and without earthing. The latter currents are often advantageously A. C. of medium or of high frequency,such latter currents being duly provided and switched into the circuits after about a few minutes application or use of the low frequency currents covering an estimated period for diffusion in addition to adsorption though the low frequency current only be used in many cases, to be determined empirically. But where the adsorption colloids or compounds are to be retained in solution or in disperse state as in the dye liquor then it is advantageous to follow the instantaneous application of the low. frequency A. 0., by a more prolonged application of medium to hlgh fr quency A. C

By low frequency I mean not over 60 cycles, and advantageously 16 cycles to 25 cycles. By medium frequency, I mean about to 1500 cycles. By high frequency, I mean any above latter and up to that used in wireless telegraphy.

To attain the former, I advantageously use the frequency converter or dynamotor. And to attain the medium frequency I may use the spark coil or the secondary current from an induction coil or the like, and for high frequency, I use other suitable means, as used in wireless telegraphy.

When the adsorptions have been practically attained, in the A. C. fields of low frequency, during which use the colloids and dispersoids have taken up a positive or a negative charge, and a correlative amount of surplus free negative or positive charge respectively, has been taken up by the leader plate (H) and thence through the interrupter. or discharge valve X to earth etc. ;then thereafter the latter is not required or advantageous, during the compacting operation, when the opposing A. C. fields of low medium or high frequency are applied as described. The interrupter is then cut out.

I advantageously use an A. G. voltage to attain in the liquid a voltage of about one and one-half up to 30 volts where there is ample natural dissociation of molecules into ions due tomere solution in the liquid; otherwise a voltage up to about 4.40" volts in the liquid is desirable, though often that of ordinary light currents, 110 to 220 volts, is ample. Where a single A. C. only is used, it is advantageous to superimpose a direct current in the liquid of about 1 1 of the voltage of the A. C.

The treatment may be intermittent, the cloth being moved back and forth, and the liquor being alternately discharged and renewed or reinvigorated with fresh supply; or the process may be continuous, by duly regulating the inflow and outflow of liquor and of the replacement of new or continuously passing cloth etc. The flow of liquor can be effected by force pump or injector or by suction or gravity, or same can be agitated by revolving blades as shown, 2'. e.:

if suflicient agitation be not attained by or from the alternating current effects.

During the passage or agitation or movement of the liquid and the fiber coil etc. be-

tween the electrodes, or of the liquid through the fibrous mass while the current is pass ing, the effects above described are attained, i. c. the dyeing and the product thereof.

After such treatment, the liquor can be drawn off through withdrawal pipes at bottom of vessels; and the fiber is washed or well wrung and rinsed or otherwise treated as at present, either in the same vesselsand advantageously with the electric treatment as aforesaid, but with. fresh potable water, or other suitable liquid, or otherwise as per the after-treatments now ordinarily pursued in the finishing of dyed materials and which I call suitable after-treatments.

In the after-treatment of silk especially in cloth form, as by passing the silk through a very dilute solution of acetic or tartaric acid, advantageously tartaric, I practise my process also in such after-treatment by passing same through the single and opposing 90 alternating current fields in aforesaid apparatus, and thereby the silk fibers adsorb the dye and retain same mostly fixedly; and is then dried without washing, advantageously in a suitable chamber heated by air and with two opposing fields of high voltage and amperage; and thereby its luster is enhanced; and the silk thereby acquires the property of emitting a crackling sound when twisted or rustled.

I also use my process substantially as described between A. C. electrodes in the dyeliquor and following with like passages through an induced A. O. field, advantageously, in the oxidation step of dyeing in the fiber, as of aniline blackespecially in what is known as the aging process where the oxidation is not accomplished in the dye liquor itself, but the fabric is removed from it, dried and then aged,that is, subjected in a suitable chamber or vessel to a warm moist atmosphere which develops the black; and in which chamber I apply my opposing induced A. C. fields advantageously in a vessel like Fig. 8 covering the electrodes with dielectric material.

The aging chamber is generally fitted witlra powerful fan at the top which draws in air and steam from the bottom; ample heat to attain the desired temperature, adi 'antageously 35 to 4-5 degrees G., is furnished by the alternating current insulated electrodes, or induction apparatus; otherwlse by means of suitable attemperating coils.

My process is also applicable and advantageous in what is known as dyeing on the fiber. A typical instance in paranitranil1n red, a synthetic dye; to produce this dye, the material to be dyed is impregnated 130 With B-naphthol by passing through a first bath, an alkaline bath of this compound, and is then passed into a second bath containing diazotized paranitranilin,-the dye thusbeing produced on the material; in both baths, or advantageously in latter only, I use my aforesaid process by applying the single followed by the opposing alternating current fields.

The loose or interlaced threads or masses of other fibers, or cloth, or paper and the like therefrom, which I classify as adsorbouts and which may be similarly treated as herein described, are silk, Wool, cotton, linen, (flax) fibrin flocks, paper hemp, jute, the so-called jelly-fibers, asbestos, slag- W001, and the like.

I do not restrict my said process to textile cloth or fiber; I also apply the same to What are known as imitation textiles; to artificial filaments and manufactures therefrom; and to artificial or imitation leathers and leather coating, and in tanning and enameling; and to imitation furs; to artificial feathers; to indiaru bber substitutes; to Waterproofing compositions; to enameled paper; to paper making generally; to intensive treatment of paper;"'-to ivall coverings; to celluloid and the pyroxylin plastics, and manufactures therefrom. I

I also apply the same process in sundry substances including industries Where fibers constitute a base to adsorb sundry adsorbable compounds or dispersoids or colloids from a suitable solution or liquid; as for instance, insulating compound, using cellulose as a base; also in the making of cellulose acetates; also as in making cellite films for kinematographs; also in color printing; also in making artificial silk; and photographic papers; insulating compounds using fibers as a base; in sizing of fibrous n1aterial; and the like; also in making sundry intermediates directly required for dyeing or making dyestuffs.

The process and apparatus is also applicable in sundry manufacturing of india rubber, other than molded goods; also of syntheti rubber; such as in the making of rubber shoddy sheeting or fabric; and in the rubber spreading or making'of proofed textiles; and in rubber dipped goods such as gloves, and other thin articles. pecially so in the present operation of cal endering and frictioning.

I claim;

1. A process of electric treatment in the dyeing of fibers and fibrous materials, with suitable dyestuffs, which con'iprises dissolving, and dispersing dyestuffs in'suitable liquid mobile media, and blending and mixing the solutions and then immersing therein and mssing therethrough the fibers and fibrous material, in an alternating current field from an A. C. source of regulated fre- 2. A process of electric treatment in the dyeing of fibers and fibrous material With suitable dyestuffs, which comprises dissolving, and dispersing the dyestuff in suitable liquid mobile media, and passing the fibers and fibrous material through the solutions in an alternating current field from an A. C. source of regulated frequency voltage and amperage and under suitable temperature and speed and time period, and under insulated conditions, and with intermittent ground electrical connection from'the solutions through an interrupter passing only unbalanced charges of one kind therefrom to earth.

3. A process of electric treatment in the dyeing of fibers and fibrous material, Which comprises dissolving, and dispersing dyestufi? compounds in suitable liquid mobile media, and bringing the fibers and fibrous material in contact with the solutions in an alternating field from an A. C. source of regulated frequency voltage and amperage under suitable temperature and speed and time period, and under insulated conditions; and With intermittent ground electrical connection from the liquids passing, only free unbalanced positive charges to earth, in synchro nism with the frequency of the A. C. creating said field.

4. A. process of electric treatment in the dyeing of fibers and fibrous material Which comprises dissolving, and dispersing the dyestuif compounds in a mobile medium in an alternating current field from an A. C. source of regulated frequency and strength and under suitable temperature and speed and time period, and under insulated conditions; and with intermittentground connections from the mobile medium passing only free unbalanced negative charges to earth, in synchronism. With the frequency of an A. C. creating said field.

5. The process of electrically treating fibers and fibrous material in the dyeing thereof, which comprises subjecting the same, under insulated conditions, in a suitable liquid dyestuif solution, to simultaneous opposing alternations and stresses, from the alternations of opposing alternating current fields, created by alternating currents ofv regulated frequency and strength, arranged thereof Which comprises subjecting the same while immersed in suitable dyestuff solutions under insulated conditions to the influence of the alternating stresses in alternating electric fields from alternating currents of same frequency and strength arranged to flow in opposing circuits in said solutions, the liquid being connected to earth through an interrupter making earth connection with the positive alternation of each cycle of one of the alternating currents in one lead of one circuit and balanced by an impedance coil, in the other lead of same circuit.

7. The process of electrically treating fibers and fibrous materials in the dyeing thereof, which comprises subjecting the fibers, while in motion in a suitable liquid dyestuff solution, under insulated conditions, to the influence of the alternating stresses in alternating electric fields, created simultaneously in the solution by alternating currents from a polyphase generator, with regulated frequency and strength, and with circuits leading therefrom to and through the liquid arranged so that the positive E. M. F. and alternations of one circuit meet in the liquid the opposing E. M. F. and alternations of the other circuits of the polyphase system.

8. The process of treating fibers and fibrous materials in the dyeing thereof, which comp-rises subjecting the same, under insulated conditions to the influence of opposing alternations and stresses of alternating current fields from A. C. of regulalole frequency and strength, in a suitable liquid dyestufi' solution previously duly changed to an acid state.

9. The process of treating fibers and fibrous materials in the dyeing thereof which comprises subjecting the same, under insulated conditions to the influence of conflicting alternations, and stresses from alternating current fields from A. C. of regulated frequency and strength, in a suitable liquid dyestufi' solution previously duly changed to an alkaline state.

10. The process of treating fibers and fibrous materials, in the dyeing .thereof, which comprises subjecting the same, under insulated conditions to the influence of confiicting alternations and stresses from alternating current fields from A. C. of regulated frequency and strength in a suitable liquid dyestuif solution previously duly changed to a neutral state.

11. The process of treating fibers and fibrous materials in the dyeing thereof, which comprises subjecting the same, under insulated conditions, to the influence of opposing alternations and stresses from alternating current fields from A. C. of regulated frequency and strength, in a suitable liquid dyestu'lf solution previously duly changed to an acid state; and thereafter repeating the electrical treatment in a liquid dyestuff solution previously changed to an alkaline state.

12. As a new article of manufacture, a dyed fabric, comprising dyestuffs electrically adsorbed and compacted thereon.

'13. As a new product, a dyed fiber or fibrous material having therein and thereon electrically adsorbed, fixed and compacted sundry adsorbable dyestuff dispersoids and suspensoid colloids from dyestuffs and being substantially free from amphoteric emulsoids and reversible compounds from dyestuffs.

14:. As a new product, a stable dyed fiber or fibrous material containing electrically adsorbed and compacted suspensoid dyestuffs and chemical compounds of dyestuffs and being substantially free from amlphoteric emulsoid dyes and! reversible colloidal dyestuffs.

15. A dyed textile fiber and the like comprising irreversible non-amphoteric colloidal dyes electrically adsorbed and compacted upon the fiber and freed from reversible emulsoid colloid dyes.

16. A dyed textile fiber and the like, having dyes of electrically enhanced true density and comprising irreversible non-amphoteric colloidal dyes electrically adsorbed and compacted upon the fiber, and freed from reversible emulsoid colloidal dyes, and watersoluble ingredients.

17 As a new manufacture a dyestuff soluble adsorption compound having stable fixed molecular structure with electrically adsorbed suspensoid colloids and particles in non-strained equilibrium and free from electrically amphoteric colloids and particles.

18. As a new manufacture, a soluble dyestufi' having stable molecular structure with electrically adsorbed suspensoid colloids and particles in non-strained equilibrium.

19. As a new manufacture, a fibrous material dyed with a dye having stable molecular structure with electrically adsorbed suspensoid colloids and particles from dyestuffs in non-strained equilibrium.

20. An apparatus of the nature described, comprising a vessel having an insulated chamber holding a suitable dyestuif liquid, means for attemperating the liquid, means for immersing and agitating therein a mass of fiber and fibrous material, means for supplying thereto and removing therefrom and agitating therein a suitable liquid dyestuif. and means for maintaining therein alternating current fields from A. C. source of regulable frequency and strength under insulated conditions.

21. An apparatus of the nature described, comprising an insulated vessel having a chamber holding a suitable dyestufi liquid, means for attemperating the liquid, means for immersing and agitating therein a mass of fiber and fibrous material, and means for maintaining in said liquid dyestufi' alternating current fields from A. C. source of regulable frequency and strength, in opposing circuits between terminal electrodes, under insulated conditions.

22. An apparatus of the nature described, comprising an insulated vessel with means for supplying and withdrawingtherefrom and repeatedly circulating therein a suitable dyestuif liquid, means for attemperating .the liquid, means for passing therethrough,

at regulated speed, a fibrous material, and means for maintaining in said liquid alternating current fields from A. 0. sources of regulable frequency and strength in conflict ing circuits from a polyphasc generator, un der insulated conditions.

23. An apparatus of the nature described, comprising an insulated vessel in combination with insulated means for supplying and withdrawing therefrom and movin agitating and circulating therein, a suita ble dyestuff liquid at regulated temperature; in sulated means for passing therethrough, at regulated speed, a fibrous material in contact with said suitable liquid; insulated means for providing and maintaining in said liquid in said vessel conflicting alternating currents and stresses from A. C. sources of regulable frequency and strength under insulated conditions; insulated means for electrically connecting the said liquid in said vessel to earth, through an interrupter making and breaking earth connections with the positive alternation of each cycle of one lead of one of the alternating current circuits, and balanced in the other lead of same alternating current circuit by a suitable impedance coil; means for electrically connecting the insulated vessel and insulated apparatus to earth through an insulated eletrolytic-rectifier cell permitting positive charges only to pass to earth; means for placing an insulated inductive resistance in series in each of said A. C. circuits.

24. In apparatus of the nature described, comprising an insulated vessel, in combination with insulated means for supplying and withdrawing therefrom and moving, agitating and circulating therein, a suitable dyestuff liquid at regulated temperature; insulated means for passing therethrough at regulated speed a fibrous material in contact with said liquid; insulated means for providing and maintaining in said liquid in said vessel, approximately opposing alten nating stresses and currents with means of control, as to voltage, frequency and amperage of currents in said liquid; insulated means for electrically connecting the said liquid in said vessel to earth, through an interrupter making and breaking earth connection with the negative alternation of each cycle of one lead of one of the alternating current circuits, and balanced in the other lead of same alternating current circuit by a suitable impedance coil; means for placing an insulated inductive resistance in series in each of said A. C. circuits; and with means for placing an insulated condenser in each A. G. circuit.

25. An apparatus of the nature described, comprising an insulated electric vessel, in combination with insulated means to move therethrough a fibrous cloth material and having therein a suitable dyestuif solution for dyeing same, under insulated conditions; several sets of electrodes immersed in said solution, each set being the terminals of separate alternating current circuits, the anode of one set being placed opposite to the anode of another set of electrodes, and with the cathode of such latter adjoining and insulated from the anode of the former and vice versa; insulated means of placing and moving between the said opposite electrodes, the fibrous cloth material immersed in the solution; with means for agitating the liquid; insulated means of generating and connecting with said sets of electrodes, the circuits of alternating currents from a polyphase generator and the circuits therefrom flowing in approximate opposition when in said liquid, with means of control as to frequency voltage and amperage of said cur rents in said liquid; and with earth connection from said liquid through an interrupter and a Ruhmkorf coil beyond the interrupter and making earth connections with one and the like alternation of each cycle'of the alternating current of one of said circuits and with balancing impedance coils in the other lead of said circuit; means for electrically connecting the insulated vessel and apparatus to earth through an insulated electrolytic rectifier cell permitting positive charges only to pass to earth.

26. In an apparatus of the nature described, a vat holding a dispersed dyestuff in liquid medium, means for insulating and attemperating same with its contents, means for agitating a suitable dyestuff liquid in contact with a fibrous material therein, and means for producing therein approximately opposing alternating electric stresses from A. C. sources of regulable frequency and strength, under insulated conditions.

27. In an apparatus of the nature described, a receptacle for treating fibrous material with suitable dyestufl liquids, means for insulating and attemperating and moving to and fro the fibrous material therein, means for providing in such receptacle and in the liquid therein approximately opposing alternating current stresses from A. C. sources of regulable frequency and strength under insulated conditions.

28. In an apparatus of the nature deroller electrodes having exterior surfacev plate electrodes constituting terminals of two independent A. C. circuits, the anode of one alternating current circuit opposite and parallel to alike anode of another alternating current circuit, with means for changing and adjusting the distance be tween the rollers, with means for passing fibrous material between the said opposing electrodes of different sets of electrodes immersed in a suitable dyestufi liquid, under insulated condition, with means for revolving the roller electrodes.

30. A dyestuif comprising electro-negative dyestufi' components and adsorption compounds of enhanced stability.

31. A fiber dyed with a dyestuflt compris ing electro-negative adsorption components and compounds of enhanced stability and having dyestufi elements electrically fixed.

Signed at Newark in the county of Essex and State of New Jersey this 16 day of November, A. D. 1917.

JACOB E. BLOOM. WVitnesses:

VICTOR R. LEVY, ELMER H. BnnoHELn. 

